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| Author | Parenthetical Citation | Narrative Citation |
|---|---|---|
| One author | (Smith, 2019) | According to Smith (2019)... |
| Two authors | (Smith & Hill, 2018) | As Smith and Hill (2018) say... |
| Three or more authors | (Smith et al., 2020) | Similar to Smith et al. (2020)... |
| No author | When no person or group can be identified as the author, the title moves to the author spot: ("Sally Spreading Torrential Rainfall," 2020) |
According to "Sally Spreading Torrential Rainfall" (2020)... |
| Group author | (Davenport University, n.d.) | According to Davenport University (n.d.)... |
| Group author with an abbreviation |
First citation: (American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU], 2020) Subsequent citations: (ACLU, 2020) |
First citation: As the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU, 2020) writes... Subsequent citations: According to the ACLU (2020)... |
| Whole edited book |
Editor cited like author within in-text citation. (Eastman, 2017) See Book with Editors |
Editor cited like author within in-text citation. As Eastman (2017) says... See Book with Editors |
| Author within edited book |
Section author cited like regular author within in-text citation: (Nichols, 2017) See Chapter in an Edited Book |
Section author cited like regular author within in-text citation: According to Nichols (2017)... See Chapter in an Edited Book |
When referring to an idea or a summary you have written from a book or website, you do not need to include page numbers in the in-text citation. Although optionally, you can include the page numbers if the idea is discussed on a few specific pages. However, if you are using a direct quotation, you MUST include the page number. Example: (Eastman, 2017, p. 23) or in parenthetical style "As Eastman says ... (2017, pp. 39-40)."
See also Authors - Reference Citations.
For more information about APA, check out the APA Help Library Guide.
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